At times, however, beauty, charm, and virtue unite in a single person to such an extraordinary degree that, wherever they turn, every one of their actions appears divine, leaving all other mortals far behind. It becomes unmistakably clear: their achievements are bestowed by God, not attained through human skill. This was evident in Leonardo da Vinci, who, in addition to his never-praised-enough physical beauty, possessed a grace more than infinite in everything he did.
Leonardo da Vinci Facts
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
Leonardo da Vinci was a famous artist, inventor, and scientist who lived during the Renaissance in Italy. He is best known for his paintings Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. However, Leonardo was also an outstanding engineer and inventor, making significant contributions to the field of anatomy. He was a true Renaissance man with a wide range of interests and a profound curiosity about the world around him. He is considered one of the greatest geniuses in history.
Where did Leonardo da Vinci live?
Leonardo da Vinci was Italian. He was born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany and spent most of his life in Italy. He lived in Florence, Milan, and Rome. His last three years were spent in France at the French royal court in Amboise.
In which era did Leonardo da Vinci live?
Leonardo da Vinci lived from 1452 to 1519, approximately 550 years ago. The era in which he lived is now referred to as the Renaissance. The Renaissance (French for 'rebirth') began in the 14th and 15th centuries in Italy and marked the rediscovery of knowledge from the Greek and Roman antiquity, which was thought to have been lost. For example, high-quality ancient statues were discovered during construction work, ancient writings by Greek philosophers were found in libraries, and the engineering achievements of ancient Roman builders were remembered.
The people of the Renaissance aimed to surpass these ancient models. The Renaissance was characterized by a renewed interest in antiquity and classical culture, a focus on individual freedom and human capabilities, and an emphasis on rational thinking and scientific discovery. It became a cultural, scientific, and artistic movement that spread from Italy throughout Europe.
The Renaissance led to numerous significant advancements in art, science, architecture, and philosophy, leaving a lasting impact on Western culture. Alongside Leonardo, famous artists of the Renaissance include Donatello, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
What did Leonardo da Vinci look like?
There are no contemporary portraits that are definitively considered accurate depictions of Leonardo da Vinci. However, some descriptions suggest that he was tall and handsome. It is important to note that these descriptions are based on second-hand accounts and may not necessarily be accurate. From Leonardo's notebooks, it is known that he dressed in fine clothing and placed great importance on cleanliness and a well-groomed appearance. Although no confirmed portrait of him exists, these four depictions are often assumed to represent Leonardo.
Francesco Melzi was a long-time student of Leonardo. His drawing very likely depicts Leonardo at around 55 years of age
Long considered a self-portrait, the drawing is now viewed with increasing skepticism, as the person depicted appears to be around 80 years old, while Leonardo only lived to the age of 67
The painting depicts famous figures from antiquity, some modeled after contemporary individuals. Raphael knew Leonardo personally and likely portrayed him here as the ancient philosopher Plato
Although frequently used in literature, the painting was created around 100 years after Leonardo's death. The painter could not have known what Leonardo looked like and likely based the work on Melzi's drawing (first depiction on the left)
What was Leonardo da Vinci's real name?
Leonardo's real name was Lionardo di Ser Piero da Vinci.
What is the meaning of Leonardo's name?
Lionardo is the Italian version of Leonardo. The first name roughly means "strong as a lion." The choice of the name reflects Leonardo's family's pride in their hometown, as the lion "Marzocco" is the emblem of Florence.
In Italy at that time, it was customary to indicate the father's first name after one's own. Leonardo's father was named Piero, hence the name Lionardo di Ser Piero da Vinci.
Leonardo's family had owned land for many generations in a place called Vinci near Florence. That is why they used the suffix "da Vinci," which means "from Vinci." It was not a noble title, but simply an indication of their place of origin.
The title "Ser" was an honorary title for jurists in Italy, and Leonardo's father Piero was a notary in Florence. Therefore, Leonardo's full name was Lionardo di Ser Piero da Vinci, which means "Lionardo, son of the jurist Piero from Vinci."
Likely upon completing his training, Leonardo referred to himself simply as Leonardo da Vinci. Like other Renaissance artists, such as Michelangelo or Raphael, he is usually referred to by his first name alone, Leonardo.
Can Leonardo's last name be translated?
The surname "Vinci" in Italian means "You win" ("Tu vinci," 2nd person singular, present tense).
Later in life, Leonardo learned Latin to read ancient textbooks in their original form. In Latin, "Vinci" has two additional meanings:
- In Latin, "vinci" no longer means to win but quite the opposite: "to be defeated" (passive infinitive of "vincere")
- Additionally, "Vinci!" can be translated as "Connect!", "Bind!", or even "Restrain!" (imperative singular of "vincire," not to be confused with "vincere")
Leonardo was aware of the various meanings of his surname and played with them in many ways.
Leonardo's father was a notary and often saw this statue while working for the government in Florence. At the time, it stood in front of the city parliament of Florence. The name Leonardo roughly means "strong as a lion."
The mechanical lion was an invention by Leonardo for a courtly celebration. It has not been preserved and is only known through two of Leonardo's sketches and contemporary accounts. The lion could take a few steps on its own and occasionally open its chest, which was filled with lilies.
The Latin word Vici has two meanings, both of which allude to Leonardo's hometown, Vinci. On one hand, the noun Vici can mean "in the village" or "villages" (genitive or plural of Vicus, 'village').
On the other hand, the verb Vici ("I have conquered") simultaneously contrasts the Latin meaning of Vinci ("to be defeated") by reversing its sense: "I have conquered."
The weaving pattern itself refers to yet another Latin meaning of Leonardo's birthplace, Vinci: "Connect!"
Condensing multiple meanings into a single work of art is characteristic of Leonardo.
Profile of Leonardo da Vinci
General Information
| First Name | Leonardo |
| Last Name | da Vinci |
| Initials | L D V (coincidentally the Roman numerals for 50, 500, and 5, adding up to 555) |
| Birth Name | Lionardo di Ser Piero da Vinci |
| Born | April 15, 1452, in a farmhouse near Vinci, Italy |
| Baptism Date | April 16, 1452, at the parish church of Santa Croce in Vinci, Italy |
| Zodiac Sign | Aries |
| Nationality | Italian (Republic of Florence) |
| Era | Renaissance |
| Professions | Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer, Scientist |
| Teacher | Andrea del Verrocchio (Fine Arts) |
| Fellow Students | Sandro Botticelli, Lorenzo di Credi, Perugino |
| Deceased | May 2, 1519, at the age of 67 |
| Place of Death | At Château du Clos Lucé in Amboise, France |
| Burial Site | Cemetery of the Church of St. Florentin, Amboise, exact location now unknown |
Personal Traits
| Diet | Vegetarian |
| Handwriting | Left-handed; always wrote in mirror script, likely to avoid smudging the ink |
| Love of Learning | Practiced "lifelong learning" |
| Self-address | Wrote reminders to himself in the second person, e.g., "Make a horse like you did for the Duke." |
| Legal Proceedings | Accused of homosexuality and held in custody, eventually acquitted |
Works
| Painting | Madonna of the Rocks, Lady with an Ermine, La Belle Ferronière, The Last Supper, The Virgin and Child with St. Anne, Mona Lisa, St. John the Baptist, Vitruvian Man |
| Inventions | Flying machines, helicopter, parachute, automobile and mechanical robots with spring drive, tank, and much more |
| Writings | Treatise on Painting, Codex on the Flight of Birds, Various scientific notes (Codex Atlanticus, Codex Leicester, and more) |
| Students | Francesco Melzi, Jacopo da Pontormo, Andrea Solari, Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio |
Disciplines
| Biology | Anatomy, Botany |
| Mathematics | Geometry, Arithmetic |
| Physics | Optics, Astronomy, Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering, Hydraulics, Fluid Dynamics |
| Languages | Italian, Latin, and French |
| Arts | Painting, Sculpture, Poetry, Singing, various musical instruments |
Contemporary Events
| Events | Invention of the printing press, development of the heliocentric worldview, discovery of America, Reformation |
| Contemporaries | Johannes Gutenberg, Nicolaus Copernicus, Christopher Columbus, Martin Luther |
Curriculum Vitae
04/15/1452Birth in the village of Vinci near Florence
- first son of his father Ser Piero and his mother Caterina
1452-1464Childhood on the Grandfather's Farm in Vinci
- The father, Ser Piero, ends his relationship with Leonardo's mother. As was customary at the time, she leaves their son in the care of the father.
- Ser Piero works as a notary in Florence and sees Leonardo very rarely.
1464-1468 Move to His Father in Florence
- Training in the artist workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio as a painter, sculptor, architect, and engineer
- Sculpture/Crane Work: Participation in the creation and installation of a roughly 2-meter large, gilded bronze sphere on the dome of Florence Cathedral
1472Completion of Training
- Admission to the painters' guild of Florence ("Compagnia di San Luca", Italian for 'Guild of St. Luke')
- Leonardo is 20 years old
1472-1478Employed Painter and Engineer under Andrea del Verrocchio, Florence
- Paintings: Alleged involvement in Verrocchio’s painting *The Baptism of Christ*, portrait of Ginevra de’ Benci (disputed attribution)
- Accusation of homosexuality, imprisonment, trial, and acquittal
1478-1482Independent Painter and Engineer, Florence
- Establishment of an artist workshop with assistants and students, difficult commission situation
- Engineer: Repair of a church tower bell
- Paintings: *Saint Jerome*, *Adoration of the Magi* (both remained unfinished due to the move to Milan)
1482 Move to Milan
- Leonardo is 30 years old
1482-1486Independent Painter and Engineer, Milan
- Paintings: *Virgin of the Rocks* (Leonardo's first unquestionably authentic and completed painting)
- Beginning of Leonardo's written records, the “Codices”
1487-1499Court Artist and Engineer to the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, Milan
- Acquaintance with Donato Bramante (architect of St. Peter's Basilica) and Luca Pacioli (prominent mathematician)
- Architecture: Consultation on the construction of the Cathedral of Pavia and the Cathedral of Milan, advice on Milan’s urban planning, numerous designs for villas and ornamental buildings for the Duke and wealthy Milanese, improvement of Milan’s canal system
- Workshop: Admission of the ten-year-old troublemaker Salai (lifelong student)
- Sculpture: Equestrian statue of Ludovico Sforza (left unfinished due to the French invasion)
- Set Design: Artistic direction of the "Festa del Paradiso" (Italian for ‘Paradise Festival’)
- Paintings: Portraits of two of the Duke’s mistresses, *Lady with an Ermine* and *La Belle Ferronière*, as well as the mural *The Last Supper*
- Mathematics: Illustrations for Pacioli’s book *Divina Proportione* (Italian for ‘Divine Proportion’), illustration of Vitruvius’ notes on human proportions (*Vitruvian Man*)
- Early contacts with the French royal court
- Property: The Duke gifts Leonardo a vineyard on the outskirts of Milan (1499)
- Family: Death of his mother (1494)
1500Return to Florence (due to the expulsion of Ludovico Sforza by the French)
- On the journey to Florence, several months of stay at the court of Mantua and in the Republic of Venice
- Leonardo is about 50 years old
1500-1502Independent Painter and Engineer, Florence
- Paintings: *Madonna of the Yarnwinder* (workshop piece), *The Virgin and Child with St. Anne* (first version)
- Geometry: Intensive studies of the ancient mathematician Euclid
- Architecture: Study trip to Rome (1501) and visit to the ancient palace city of Emperor Hadrian near Tivoli ("Villa Adriana")
1502-1503Military Engineer and Cartographer for Cesare Borgia (son of the Pope and commander of the Papal Army), Central Italy
- Architecture: Invention of the "Leonardo Bridge" for river crossings (constructed with loosely laid wooden beams), studies of innovative fortress designs
- Surveying: First modern city map (*Map of Imola*), various maps of Northern and Central Italy
- Inventions: War and siege machines
1503-1506Independent Painter and Engineer, Florence
- Paintings: *Mona Lisa* (first version), *The Battle of Anghiari* (mural, unfinished)
- Painting Contest: Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael meet for the first time. Michelangelo works on a mural (*The Battle of Cascina*, unfinished) in the same hall as Leonardo, while Raphael sees the *Mona Lisa* in Leonardo's workshop and creates early imitations.
- Inventions: Flight experiments at Swan Hill near Florence (outcome unknown)
- Family: Death of his father (1504) and a lost inheritance dispute with siblings
1506-1508Return to Milan (and Commuting to Florence)
- Admission of the young Milanese nobleman Francesco Melzi (lifelong student)
- Family: Death of his uncle Francesco (1507) and a won inheritance dispute with siblings
- Property: Leonardo inherits land in Vinci
1508-1512Court Artist and Engineer to the French Governor Charles II d’Amboise, Milan
- Paintings: Fundamental reworking of *Mona Lisa* and *The Virgin and Child with St. Anne*
- Anatomy: Work on an anatomy textbook with Professor of Medicine Marcantonio della Torre (unfinished due to the professor's early death)
- Property: The French king gifts Leonardo a water canal in Milan as a lucrative source of income (rights to draw and sell water)
- Leonardo is about 60 years old
1513-1516Court Artist and Engineer to Pope Leo X, Rome
- Paintings: *St. John the Baptist* (last painting)
- Architecture: Studies on supporting structures
- Science: Investigation of forces on inclined planes
- Inventions: Work on an optical instrument with curved mirror surfaces (unknown function, possibly a reflecting telescope or a solar furnace)
1516-1519 Court Artist and Engineer to King Francis I of France, Amboise
- Architecture: Design of Château de Chambord (specifically the first double-helix staircase at the center of the building), planning for the construction of a château in Romorantin (unrealized)
- Set Design: Artistic direction for the revival of the *“Festa del Paradiso”* (Italian for ‘Paradise Festival’)
05/02/1519Death at Château du Clos Lucé, Amboise
Leonardo dies of unknown causes at the age of 67, one week after drafting his will. He is buried in the cloister of the Church of Saint-Florentin, directly below Château d'Amboise.
Leonardo's grave is later destroyed during uprisings, and his presumed remains are subsequently reinterred in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert at Château d'Amboise.
Unique Aspects of the Biography
Leonardo da Vinci died 17 days after his 67th birthday. It is interesting to note a pattern in the duration of his stays in each of his primary places of activity. In both Florence and Milan, Leonardo spent 30 years as his main residence. These were followed by three years each in papal Rome and royal Amboise. This can be seen as a reflection of an era that placed great importance on symbolism.
Duration of Stays in Each Place of Activity
| Duration of Stay | Period | Primary Residence | Remarks |
| 30 years | 1452-1482 | Florence | Birth and youth in Vinci near Florence, training and early independence in Florence |
| 30 (+1) years | 1482-1513 | Milan | Following the expulsion of the Sforza ducal family by the French, Leonardo left the city in 1500 after 18 years and spent six years elsewhere. During this time, he traveled through Northern (1501) and Central Italy (1502-1503). He spent the rest of the time in Florence before returning to Milan, where he worked for another six years under the French occupiers. |
| 3 years | 1513-1516 | Rome | Invited by Pope Leo X of the Florentine banking family Medici. The Medici were lifelong patrons of Leonardo. |
| 3 years | 1516-1519 | Amboise | Invited by King Francis I of France. The French royal house had sought to employ Leonardo for many years. |
The years add up to 66, but Leonardo lived to be 67. This discrepancy can be attributed to a rounding error since the months were not considered here.
The error lies in the years 1512-1513. The French occupiers of Milan, whom Leonardo had worked for since 1506, were expelled, and the former Sforza ducal family regained control of Milan. Leonardo stayed outside the city, waiting for events to unfold. When the French failed to reclaim Milan in 1513, Leonardo left the city for good and accepted the Pope's invitation to Rome. Thus, it would be more accurate to state Leonardo's time in Milan as 30+1 years.
The Lily as a Connecting Symbol of Leonardo's Places of Residence
Three of Leonardo's four primary residences are associated with the lily. The lily is the emblem of Florence, was part of the papal coat of arms during Leonardo's time in Rome, and adorned the flag of the royal French court.
Leonardo was aware of the meanings of the lily and incorporated it into his artworks. For example, lilies adorn the green hem of the portrayed woman in the painting “La Belle Ferronière,” which likely depicts a Milanese noblewoman. One of Leonardo's inventions, presumably for the French king, was a mechanical lion. It could walk a few steps and open its chest, which was filled with lilies.
The symbolism of the lily traces back to the Bible, where it is mentioned several times in various contexts:
- “I will be like the dew to Israel; he shall blossom like the lily and take root like the trees of Lebanon.” Hosea 14:5
- “I am the rose of Sharon, the lily of the valleys. As a lily among thorns, so is my love among the daughters.” Song of Solomon 2:1-2
- “Consider the lilies: They neither toil nor spin. Yet I tell you, even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.” Jesus’ Sermon (part of the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew), Luke 12:27
- Since the early Middle Ages, the lily has traditionally been a Christian symbol of the beauty and purity of Mary, the mother of Jesus.
Leo was the first of four Medici popes. As an elected pope and thus king of the Papal States, he elevated his bourgeois relatives to nobility. Subsequently, the Republic of Florence was transformed into a duchy. Two women from the family became French queens, and another became Queen of England
The French flag featured numerous golden lilies on a white background
The name derives from the Italian word for "doctors." It is unclear whether the Medici family were originally physicians. In 1465, the French king permitted them to adorn the top of their original six red pills on a yellow shield with the royal lilies of France. At that time, the bourgeois Medici owned the largest bank in Europe and dominated Florence as the most powerful political force
The Republic of Florence was politically closely tied to royal France. The Duchy of Milan, on the other hand, was a fief of the German Emperor
How did Leonardo da Vinci live?
Leonardo was an illegitimate child. According to the custom of the time, he was raised by his father's family and spent his childhood in the idyllic village of Vinci in Tuscany. However, his father lived in nearby Florence and rarely saw his son. It was only during Leonardo's teenage years that his father brought him to Florence and had him trained as an artist.
After a difficult start, Leonardo's career only began to flourish when he turned 30. At that point, he left Florence for nearly twenty years and moved to Milan. There, Leonardo became very wealthy and world-famous. In his later years, he worked for the Pope in Rome and the King of France. When Leonardo died in France, he was buried with the highest honors at the French royal court.
Almost nothing is known about Leonardo's private life. Despite being handsome and of good character, he remained unmarried and childless. Therefore, it is often speculated that Leonardo was homosexual.
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Leonardo's Painting
Leonardo created the Mona Lisa, the most expensive painting in the world (estimated value: over 1 billion dollars). Although Leonardo is still considered the greatest painter of all time, he produced very few paintings. He did not sign his works, making it difficult to determine exactly which paintings were created by him. Around 1900, approximately 100 paintings were attributed to Leonardo. However, with increasingly precise methods of examination, the number of Leonardo's works has been narrowed down to only 22 today. It is very likely that the actual number is even smaller, as only seven of these are considered unquestionably authentic.
Five of these paintings are housed in the famous Louvre Museum in Paris. A small portrait, Lady with an Ermine, is displayed in Krakow, Poland. The Last Supper is a mural in a small church in Milan. These seven unquestionably authentic paintings are presented here.
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The Universal Genius
Leonardo da Vinci is considered the epitome of a universal genius today. Unlike other geniuses, such as composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart or physicist Albert Einstein, Leonardo did not limit himself to a single art or science. For Leonardo, art and science were inseparably linked. His artworks were the results of his scientific discoveries, and he pursued science to create his artworks.
Versatile Artist
Leonardo not only painted the most famous paintings, but he also worked as an architect. He collaborated closely with Bramante, the original architect of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Leonardo's wondrous château in Chambord, designed for the French king, is particularly famous.
Additionally, Leonardo planned to create the largest equestrian statue of his time, intended to be cast in bronze. The full-scale plaster model was already completed, but just before the final casting, the bronze was repurposed for cannons, and the plaster model was destroyed during the war.
Leonardo was also a celebrated organizer of courtly festivities. His envisioned Paradise Festival was considered the most impressive stage spectacle of its time, so much so that the French king had Leonardo stage it again 25 years later. In contrast, Leonardo's fables vividly reflect his lively perception of all things in nature.
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Brilliant Engineer and Scientist
Leonardo developed an extensive technical understanding, which he combined with his scientific knowledge. This led to numerous inventions and discoveries, some of which were centuries ahead of their time. Leonardo's flying machines are among his most famous inventions. Together with Luca Pacioli, one of the most influential mathematicians of his time, Leonardo worked on a book about proportions in nature. The world-famous drawing of the Vitruvian Man likely originated in this context.
To perfectly depict human anatomy in his paintings, Leonardo dissected at least 30 corpses and created detailed drawings. Had these drawings been published as planned, they would have become the first illustrated textbook on human anatomy. Leonardo's curiosity about everything around him led to numerous insights in physics, chemistry, and biology. To better understand the practical sciences, he undertook extensive mathematical studies, particularly in geometry.
Leonardo's Notebooks
All of Leonardo's known writings and drawings come from his notebooks. Leonardo's notebooks, also called Codices (Latin for "books/notebooks"), comprise approximately 6,000 pages. The Codices contain information on everyday aspects of Leonardo's life, such as bills, lists of employees, inventories, drafts of letters, and more. However, the most fascinating parts are the scattered artistic and scientific studies found within them. These reflect Leonardo's wide-ranging interests but are rarely organized thematically.
During the Renaissance, paper was very expensive, so Leonardo often made full use of the available space. As a result, studies for a painting, a geometric construction, and an astronomical observation might all appear on the same page. Leonardo also had the habit of always carrying a small notebook with him, where he jotted down spontaneous thoughts and ideas. These types of notes are also included in the Codices.
This drawing is considered a study for the painting "The Virgin of the Rocks"
This drawing is considered a study for the lost painting "Leda and the Swan"
The study is not in Leonardo's notebooks but was painted with oil paints on a wooden panel. Due to the aesthetic of the depiction, it is still listed here.
The bridge is self-supporting and consists of individual loose tree trunks that only need to be arranged in this specific way, so no ropes or nails are necessary.
Design for a Mechanical Clock, Codex Madrid I, folio 27 verso
The basis of this pattern made up of equally sized circles is two overlapping circles. The center of the second circle is placed on the first circle. All subsequent circles are created by drawing a new circle around the intersection point of two circles. Finally, the area between the overlapping arcs is color-marked, creating segments that form a hexagonal or triangular pattern.
The pattern can be extended indefinitely, but Leonardo drew it so that exactly 90 segments are formed (3+4+5+6+5+4+3 = 30, in three directions: vertically, top-right, bottom-right, thus a total of 30*3 = 90 segments). The number 90 is a symbolic number in geometry and refers to the right angle of 90°. The triangular pattern belongs to the Platonic tilings and is considered the most fundamental form of all tilings in terms of geometry.
Sources
Frank Zöllner, Leonardo, Taschen (2019)
Martin Kemp, Leonardo, C.H. Beck (2008)
Charles Niccholl, Leonardo da Vinci: Die Biographie, Fischer (2019)
Frank Zöllner/ Johannes Nathan, Leonardo da Vinci - Sämtliche Zeichnungen, Taschen (2019)
Highly Recommended
Marianne Schneider, Das große Leonardo Buch – Sein Leben und Werk in Zeugnissen, Selbstzeugnissen und Dokumenten, Schirmer/ Mosel (2019)
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